The First Protective Eyewear in Human History
Archaeological discoveries reveal that ancient Arctic inhabitants were using protective eyewear more than 4,000 years ago. These early glasses were crafted to shield their eyes from snow blindness, also known as photokeratitis. This condition occurs when ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun are reflected and intensified by snow, causing severe eye pain and prolonged recovery. To combat this issue, ancient peoples created glasses from materials like walrus ivory and animal bones to protect their eyes in snowy environments.
The Inuit Snow Glasses
Eskimo hunters are believed to be the first to manufacture these snow glasses. Designed for outdoor activities such as hunting, these glasses were essential for reducing the risk of eye damage. Other Arctic groups, including the Yupik and Aleut, also used similar eyewear.
Design and Materials
Danish ophthalmologist Mogens Norn notes that Inuit snow glasses did not fog up or freeze like modern protective eyewear. He praised their practicality and simplicity but also highlighted a significant drawback: reduced visibility. The design limited the wearer’s ability to see at lower angles, increasing the risk of tripping.
Initially, materials like walrus ivory, reindeer antlers, bones, and even coastal grasses were used to craft these glasses. By the late 19th century, wood became the primary material. The glasses were custom-fitted to the wearer’s face, featuring one or two horizontal slots for visibility. They were secured with a strap, similar to modern swim goggles. To reduce glare, soot or charcoal was applied to the inside of the glasses.
Unlike contemporary sunglasses, these early glasses were not designed for fashion. Over time, as technology advanced, Eskimos transitioned from rudimentary snow glasses to modern sunglasses that offer UV protection and a stylish appearance. The oldest known glasses, dating back to 1200 AD, were discovered in Canada and are now displayed at a museum in Quebec.
These early innovations laid the groundwork for the protective eyewear we use today, demonstrating the resourcefulness and adaptability of ancient peoples in overcoming environmental challenges.
